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	<title>SHAFR.org &#187; Africa</title>
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	<link>http://www.shafr.org</link>
	<description>The Website of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations</description>
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		<title>Rising Isolationism, A Renewed Danger?</title>
		<link>http://www.shafr.org/2011/11/15/rising-isolationism-a-renewed-danger/</link>
		<comments>http://www.shafr.org/2011/11/15/rising-isolationism-a-renewed-danger/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2011 02:48:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Christopher McKnight Nichols</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anti-War Efforts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama administration:  2009-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dwight Eisenhower administration:  1953-1961]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Early Cold War:  1945-1961]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Foreign aid]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George W. Bush administration:  2001-2008]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gilded Age:  1876-1900]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ideology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Inter-war Diplomacy:  1919-1939]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Military affaris]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Peace and dissent]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Post-9/11:  2001-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Post-Cold War:  1991-2001]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public Opinion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[State Department]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Theory and Ideas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United Nations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United States]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World War I:  1914-1918]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World War II:  1939-1945]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Adlai Stevenson]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[engagement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[foreign assistance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[foreign entanglements]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George W. Bush]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gerald Nye]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[idealism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[internationalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[isolationism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[realism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Republican presidential candidates]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[transnationalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[William Borah]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.shafr.org/?p=3366</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[It is an honor to be kicking off the blog for the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations for the fall of 2011. I thank Andrew Johns, Brian Etheridge, and the officers of SHAFR for the invitation, and I look forward to an excellent year of diverse debates and dynamic discussions.
For this column, which [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.shafr.org/2011/11/15/rising-isolationism-a-renewed-danger/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Back to the Shores of Tripoli</title>
		<link>http://www.shafr.org/2011/03/23/back-to-the-shores-of-tripoli/</link>
		<comments>http://www.shafr.org/2011/03/23/back-to-the-shores-of-tripoli/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 24 Mar 2011 01:58:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Johns</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama administration:  2009-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Congress]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Domestic politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Internationl law and treaties]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Policymaking--American]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Post-9/11:  2001-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Presidency]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public Opinion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Terrorism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United Nations]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.shafr.org/?p=3094</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[One of the most overused clichés in the English language is “history repeats itself.”  Yet the events of the past several months seem to prove the point.  Trouble with pirates in the Mediterranean?  Conflict between the west and Islam?  The aftereffects of nuclear power in Japan?  We’ve seen all of these before.  But most recently, [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.shafr.org/2011/03/23/back-to-the-shores-of-tripoli/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>LGBT Equality and The Limits of Human Rights</title>
		<link>http://www.shafr.org/2010/04/18/lgbt-equality-and-the-limits-of-human-rights/</link>
		<comments>http://www.shafr.org/2010/04/18/lgbt-equality-and-the-limits-of-human-rights/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 18 Apr 2010 22:28:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Laura Belmonte</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Human Rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Organizations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Internationl law and treaties]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Post-Cold War:  1991-2001]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uganda]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World Health Organization]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[LGBT issues]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.shafr.org/?p=2276</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Last October, a bill was introduced in the Ugandan parliament that would make homosexuality punishable by life imprisonment or even death.  The bill also calls for the extradition of Ugandans who engage in homosexual sex in other countries and for criminal penalties for individuals, media, or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that support lesbian, gay, bisexual, and [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.shafr.org/2010/04/18/lgbt-equality-and-the-limits-of-human-rights/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>In the Shadow of Failure: Obama&#8217;s Quest for Constructive Engagement</title>
		<link>http://www.shafr.org/2010/01/26/in-the-shadow-of-failture-obamas-quest-for-constructive-engagement/</link>
		<comments>http://www.shafr.org/2010/01/26/in-the-shadow-of-failture-obamas-quest-for-constructive-engagement/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Jan 2010 22:35:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Cary Fraser</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Afghanistan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Afghanistan War:  2001-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama administration:  2009-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Brazil]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Early Cold War:  1945-1961]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George H. W. Bush administration:  1989-1993]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[India]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indonesia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jimmy Carter administration:  1977-1981]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Late Cold War:  1961-1991]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Op-Eds]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Post-9/11:  2001-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[South Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barry Goldwater]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cairo speech]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Camp David Accords]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cold War]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Copenhagen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dick Cheney]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[European Union]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George W. Bush]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[health care reform]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[iraq]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[John McCain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kyoto Protocol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[State of the Union]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.shafr.org/?p=1977</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[As Barack Obama completes his first year in office, he faces challenges that will test his considerable political skills to the very limit. While many voted for Obama because was able to project an image of calm competence that was notably lacking in both John McCain and George W. Bush, the Wall Street crisis and [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.shafr.org/2010/01/26/in-the-shadow-of-failture-obamas-quest-for-constructive-engagement/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Lessons for Late Baby Boomers</title>
		<link>http://www.shafr.org/2010/01/26/lessons-for-late-baby-boomers/</link>
		<comments>http://www.shafr.org/2010/01/26/lessons-for-late-baby-boomers/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Jan 2010 22:32:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Tom Zeiler</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Afghanistan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama administration:  2009-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bill Clinton administartion:  1993-2001]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George H. W. Bush administration:  1989-1993]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George W. Bush administration:  2001-2008]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Harry Truman administration:  1945-1953]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iraq]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iraq War:  2003-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jimmy Carter administration:  1977-1981]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Late Cold War:  1961-1991]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lebanon]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lyndon Johnson administration:  1963-1969]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Op-Eds]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Post-9/11:  2001-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ronald Reagan administration:  1981-1989]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[South Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Soviet Union]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vietnam]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vietnam:  1945-1961]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vietnam:  1961-1975]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[al Qaeda]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bill Clinton]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Communism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George H. W. Bush]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George W. Bush]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[globalization]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[iraq]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jimmy Carter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lyndon B. Johnson]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marshall Plan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mikhail Gorbachev]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nobel prize]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Olympics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ronald Reagan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taliban]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.shafr.org/?p=1975</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I’m eight months older than President Barack Obama, so we fall into the same generation.  Of course, the similarities end there, including his ascent to a slightly higher administrative level than I will ever reach.  Still, we share some things in common because we gained an awareness of the world around the same time, in [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.shafr.org/2010/01/26/lessons-for-late-baby-boomers/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Weekly Digest &#8211; 1/4/10</title>
		<link>http://www.shafr.org/2010/01/04/weekly-digest-1410/</link>
		<comments>http://www.shafr.org/2010/01/04/weekly-digest-1410/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 04 Jan 2010 20:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Nick Ducote</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Afghanistan War:  2001-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anti-War Efforts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arms Control]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Around the Web]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama administration:  2009-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Homeland security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Human Rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iraq]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ronald Reagan administration:  1981-1989]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Terrorism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Yemen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lebannon]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.shafr.org/?p=1932</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Many African nations staged a walk-out at the recent Copenhagen climate conference.  They claim that the larger nations are marginalizing the smaller nations.  [more]
Britain and the US closed embassies in Yemen because of fears of an imminent terror attack by al-Qaeda elements. [more]
As the United States and its allies wrestle with the issue of Iran&#8217;s [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.shafr.org/2010/01/04/weekly-digest-1410/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Weekly Digest: 11-3-09</title>
		<link>http://www.shafr.org/2009/11/03/weekly-digest-11-3-09/</link>
		<comments>http://www.shafr.org/2009/11/03/weekly-digest-11-3-09/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 17:24:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Nick Ducote</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Afghanistan War:  2001-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Around the Web]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama administration:  2009-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Culture and international relations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Foreign aid]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Horn of Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ideology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Economic Relations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iraq]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Israel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Post-colonial Third World]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[State Department]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Afghanistan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hamid Karzai]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hilary Clinton]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Palestine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Somalia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[space]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.shafr.org/?p=1739</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The mess that is Afghanistan just got messier for Washington.  Abdullah’s withdrawal from the presidential runoff leaves Hamid Karzai in power but without legitimacy. [more]
There is a new humanitarian crisis unfolding in Somalia, and the United States is partly to blame. Despite sending $2 million and 40 tons of arms and ammunition to the country&#8217;s [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.shafr.org/2009/11/03/weekly-digest-11-3-09/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Weekly Digest &#8211; 10/19/09</title>
		<link>http://www.shafr.org/2009/10/19/weekly-digest-101909/</link>
		<comments>http://www.shafr.org/2009/10/19/weekly-digest-101909/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Oct 2009 19:50:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Nick Ducote</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Around the Web]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama administration:  2009-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Early Cold War:  1945-1961]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George W. Bush administration:  2001-2008]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Horn of Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Organizations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Internationl law and treaties]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[John Kennedy administration:  1961-1963]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Late Cold War:  1961-1991]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lyndon Johnson administration:  1963-1969]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Military affaris]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nuclear policy & WMD]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Policymaking--International]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Post-9/11:  2001-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Presidency]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public Opinion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Richard Nixon administration:  1969-1974]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sudan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Terrorism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trade policy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bipolar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counterterrorism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Darfur]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[genocide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[multipolar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vietnam]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vietnam syndrome]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[War on Terror]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.shafr.org/?p=1714</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[As the U.S. postpones a decision on Afghanistan, Gerald Posner reports on a new secret weapon in the arsenal of the Taliban and Al Qaeda: getting the Army addicted to their cheap heroin. [more]
President George H.W. Bush thought that after the victory in the Gulf war we had &#8220;kicked the Vietnam syndrome once and for [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.shafr.org/2009/10/19/weekly-digest-101909/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>THERE IS A STONE IN MY HEART</title>
		<link>http://www.shafr.org/2009/04/02/there-is-a-stone-in-my-heart/</link>
		<comments>http://www.shafr.org/2009/04/02/there-is-a-stone-in-my-heart/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2009 00:55:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>george white, jr.</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama administration:  2009-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Congo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Consumerism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Decolonization]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dwight Eisenhower administration:  1953-1961]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Early Cold War:  1945-1961]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Human Rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Imperialism/Colonization]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Trade and Economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Post-colonial Third World]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Race and ethnicity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United States]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Women]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[coltan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Early Cold War]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eisenhower]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[King Leopold II]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rubber quota]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.shafr.org/?p=1253</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[These words are difficult to write. Fifty years ago, the people of what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo drifted in a purgatory between independence and continued Belgian control. It seems like only yesterday that nationalist leaders like Patrice Lumumba climbed a mountain of severed hands to point their people toward a new future. [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.shafr.org/2009/04/02/there-is-a-stone-in-my-heart/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Ring the Bell</title>
		<link>http://www.shafr.org/2009/02/27/ring-the-bell/</link>
		<comments>http://www.shafr.org/2009/02/27/ring-the-bell/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2009 13:42:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>george white, jr.</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Barack Obama administration:  2009-present]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Congo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Culture and international relations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Decolonization]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Domestic politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dwight Eisenhower administration:  1953-1961]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Early Cold War:  1945-1961]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Human Rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Popular culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Race and ethnicity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Blazing Saddles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[New York Post]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[obama]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[racism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[White Privilege]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.shafr.org/?p=1085</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Last Wednesday, The New York Post published a political cartoon pertaining to the President&#8217;s Economic Stimulus Plan.  To say that the cartoon was racist is an understatement which fails to capture its horrific totality.  The New York Post rang the bell (again) to herald White nationalism and imperialism.  As many Americans debate the nature of [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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